SSC Directive Principles of State Policy DPSP PPT (LEC #9)

This article covers SSC Directive Principles of State Policy DPSP PPT (LEC #9) -राज्य के नीति-निर्देशक सिद्धांत, part of the Complete Foundation Batch PPT Series at slideshareppt.net. DPSPs are covered under Part IV of the Constitution (Articles 36–51) and are one of the most consistently tested topics in SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO, and MTS exams. Questions are asked on individual articles, categories (Socialist / Gandhian / Liberal), the FR vs DPSP conflict, Article 44 (Uniform Civil Code), Article 39A (free legal aid), and landmark Supreme Court cases.

PPT Details

Field	Details
PPT Title	SSC Directive Principles of State Policy DPSP PPT (LEC #9)
Subject	Polity -Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) -राज्य के नीति-निर्देशक सिद्धांत
Series	Complete Foundation Batch for All SSC and Other Exams (PPT Series)
Total Slides	80 PPT Slides
File Size	20 MB
Serial Number	#65
Lecture	LEC #9
Format	PowerPoint (.pptx) + PDF
Target Exams	SSC CGL, SSC CHSL, SSC MTS, SSC CPO, SSC GD, SSC Steno
Website	slideshareppt.net

SSC Directive Principles of State Policy DPSP PPT (LEC #9)

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1. What are Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)?

• DPSPs are guidelines / directives given to the Central and State governments for making laws and governing the country
• Located in Part IV of the Constitution -Articles 36 to 51
• Borrowed from the Irish Constitution (Article 45 of the Irish Constitution 1937)
• Also similar to the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ in the Government of India Act 1935
• DPSPs are NON-JUSTICIABLE -they cannot be enforced through courts
• Despite being non-justiciable, Article 37 declares them ‘fundamental in the governance of the country’
• It is the duty of the State to apply DPSPs when making laws
• DPSPs represent positive obligations of the State -what the State SHOULD do
• Fundamental Rights represent negative obligations -what the State should NOT do
• Together, FRs and DPSPs are described by Granville Austin as the ‘conscience of the Constitution’

2. Articles 36 and 37 -Foundation of DPSPs

Article 36 -Definition of State

• ‘State’ in Part IV has the same meaning as in Article 12 (Part III)
• Includes: Government of India, Parliament, State Governments, State Legislatures, local authorities, other authorities

Article 37 -Application of DPSPs

• DPSPs shall not be enforceable by any court
• But they are fundamental in the governance of the country
• It shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws
• ‘Fundamental in governance’ -even though not justiciable, governments are morally and politically bound to follow them

3. Categories of Directive Principles -Three Types

Category	Articles	Key Principles	Source / Inspiration
Socialist Principles	38, 39, 39A, 41, 42, 43, 43A	Adequate livelihood, equal pay for equal work, right to work, maternity relief, worker participation in management, free legal aid	USSR / Soviet Union ideals; Fabian socialism
Gandhian Principles	40, 43, 43B, 45, 46, 47, 48	Village panchayats, cottage industries, co-operative societies, education for children, welfare of SCs/STs, prohibition of intoxicants, ban on cow slaughter	Mahatma Gandhi’s constructive programme
Liberal / Intellectual Principles	39A, 44, 48A, 49, 50, 51	Uniform Civil Code, separation of judiciary, environmental protection, protect monuments, promote international peace	Western liberal democratic tradition; Irish Constitution

4. All Directive Principles -Complete Article-wise Table (Most Important for SSC)

Article	Directive Principle	Category
Article 38	State to secure a social order for promotion of welfare of the people; reduce inequalities in income, status, facilities	Socialist
Article 39(a)	Adequate means of livelihood for all citizens -men and women equally	Socialist
Article 39(b)	Ownership and control of material resources to serve common good	Socialist
Article 39(c)	Prevent concentration of wealth and means of production to common detriment	Socialist
Article 39(d)	Equal pay for equal work for both men and women	Socialist
Article 39(e)	No abuse of health and strength of workers -men, women, children	Socialist
Article 39(f)	Children given opportunities to develop in healthy manner; no exploitation of childhood and youth	Socialist
Article 39A	Equal justice and free legal aid to ensure justice not denied due to economic or other disabilities	Liberal / Socialist
Article 40	Organise village panchayats and endow them with powers	Gandhian
Article 41	Right to work, to education, to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement	Socialist
Article 42	Make provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief	Socialist
Article 43	Living wage and decent standard of life for all workers; promote cottage industries	Gandhian / Socialist
Article 43A	Participation of workers in management of industries (added by 42nd Amendment 1976)	Socialist
Article 43B	Promotion of co-operative societies (added by 97th Amendment 2011)	Gandhian
Article 44	Uniform Civil Code for citizens throughout India	Liberal
Article 45	Early childhood care and education for children below 6 years (amended by 86th Amendment 2002)	Socialist / Gandhian
Article 46	Promote educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and weaker sections; protect from injustice	Gandhian
Article 47	Raise the level of nutrition and standard of living; improve public health; prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs	Gandhian
Article 48	Organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern scientific lines; prohibit slaughter of cows, calves, milch and draught cattle	Gandhian
Article 48A	Protect and improve environment and safeguard forests and wildlife (added by 42nd Amendment 1976)	Liberal
Article 49	Protect monuments, places, objects of artistic or historic interest -national importance	Liberal
Article 50	Separate the judiciary from the executive in public services of the State	Liberal
Article 51	Promote international peace and security; maintain just and honourable relations between nations; foster respect for international law and treaty obligations	Liberal

5. Socialist Principles in Detail (Articles 38–43A)

Article 38 -Social Order for Welfare

• State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order with justice -social, economic, and political
• State shall minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities among individuals and groups

Article 39 -Certain Principles of Policy (Most Important Sub-Articles)

• 39(a) -Citizens, men and women equally, have right to adequate means of livelihood
• 39(b) -Ownership and control of material resources of the community distributed to serve common good
• 39(c) -Economic system shall not result in concentration of wealth to common detriment
• 39(d) -Equal pay for equal work for both men and women
• 39(e) -Health and strength of workers and children not to be abused
• 39(f) -Children given opportunities to develop in healthy manner; protect childhood and youth against exploitation
• Articles 39(b) and 39(c) have special protection under Article 31C -laws implementing them cannot be challenged under Articles 14 or 19

Article 39A -Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid

• State shall secure equal justice and free legal aid
• Ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen due to economic or other disabilities
• Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 enacted; NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) set up to implement this

Articles 41–43A -Workers’ Rights

• Article 41 -Right to work, education, public assistance in unemployment, old age, sickness, disablement
• Article 42 -Just and humane conditions of work; maternity relief (Maternity Benefit Act 1961)
• Article 43 -Living wage for workers; promote cottage industries (Minimum Wages Act 1948)
• Article 43A -Participation of workers in management (added by 42nd Amendment 1976)

6. Gandhian Principles in Detail (Articles 40, 43, 43B, 45, 46, 47, 48)

Article 40 -Village Panchayats

• State shall take steps to organise village panchayats
• Endow them with such powers and authority as necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government
• 73rd Constitutional Amendment 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions

Article 43 -Cottage Industries

• Promote cottage industries on individual or co-operative basis in rural areas
• Ensure living wage and decent standard of life for all workers

Article 43B -Co-operative Societies

• Added by 97th Constitutional Amendment 2011
• State shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, professional management of co-operative societies

Article 45 -Early Childhood Care and Education

• Originally (before 86th Amendment 2002): provide free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 years
• After 86th Amendment 2002: Article 21A made education a Fundamental Right for 6–14 years
• Article 45 now directs State to provide early childhood care and education for children below 6 years of age

Article 46 -Welfare of SCs, STs, and Weaker Sections

• Promote educational and economic interests of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections
• Protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation

Article 47 -Nutrition, Public Health, Prohibition

• State shall raise the level of nutrition and standard of living of the people
• Improve public health as a primary duty
• State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health

Article 48 -Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

• Organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines
• Take steps for preserving and improving breeds of cattle
• Prohibit the slaughter of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle
• This article is the basis for cow protection laws across various states

7. Liberal / Intellectual Principles in Detail (Articles 44, 48A, 49, 50, 51)

Article 44 -Uniform Civil Code

• State shall endeavour to secure for citizens a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) throughout the territory of India
• UCC means one common set of laws governing personal matters (marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption) for all citizens regardless of religion
• Currently, personal laws differ for Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis, etc.
• UCC has NOT been implemented at the national level yet
• Goa is the only state with a common civil code (inherited from Portuguese law)
• Law Commission, Supreme Court, and political parties have debated UCC extensively

Article 48A -Environment Protection

• Added by 42nd Constitutional Amendment 1976
• State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife
• Environment Protection Act 1986, Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Forest Conservation Act 1980 enacted
• Article 51A(g) -corresponding Fundamental Duty to protect environment

Article 49 -Protection of Monuments

• State shall protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest declared to be of national importance
• Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 enacted

Article 50 -Separation of Judiciary from Executive

• State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State
• Largely achieved at the district level; criminal courts separated from executive magistrates

Article 51 -International Peace and Security

• Promote international peace and security
• Maintain just and honourable relations between nations
• Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations
• Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration
• India’s foreign policy is largely guided by this article

8. Fundamental Rights vs Directive Principles -Comparison

Feature	Fundamental Rights (Part III)	Directive Principles (Part IV)
Nature	Justiciable -enforceable by courts	Non-justiciable -not enforceable by courts
Constitutional basis	Articles 12–35	Articles 36–51
Source	USA (American Bill of Rights)	Ireland (Irish Constitution)
Purpose	Protect individuals from State action	Guide the State in making laws and policies
Type of rights	Negative (restrain State from doing)	Positive (direct State to do something)
Can be suspended?	Yes (some) during National Emergency	No question of suspension -not enforceable
Conflict resolution	Pre-44th Amendment: FRs prevailed; Post-44th: balance maintained	Art 31C -DPSPs under Art 39(b)(c) override Art 14 and 19
Relationship	FRs are means; DPSPs are ends (Granville Austin)	Together they form the ‘conscience of the Constitution’

9. Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs

The question of which prevails -Fundamental Rights or Directive Principles -has been one of the most important constitutional controversies in India. Here is how it evolved:

Amendment	Year	Effect on FR–DPSP Conflict
1st Amendment	1951	Added Art 15(4) -allowed reservation laws (DPSP values) to override Art 15(1)
25th Amendment	1971	Added Article 31C -laws to implement Art 39(b)(c) cannot be challenged under Art 14 or 19
42nd Amendment	1976	Extended Art 31C to all DPSPs -any law implementing any DPSP shielded from FRs; struck down by SC in Minerva Mills case
44th Amendment	1978	Restored balance; deleted Right to Property from FRs
Kesavananda Bharati (1973)	SC Judgment	Parliament cannot destroy Basic Structure; balance between FRs and DPSPs is part of Basic Structure
Minerva Mills (1980)	SC Judgment	SC struck down extended Art 31C; balance between FRs and DPSPs must be maintained; neither can be completely subordinate to the other

Current Position After Minerva Mills Case (1980)

• Balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSPs is part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution
• Neither FRs nor DPSPs can be made completely subordinate to the other
• Article 31C (as originally in 25th Amendment 1971) is valid -laws implementing Art 39(b)(c) are protected
• Extended Article 31C (42nd Amendment 1976 -covering all DPSPs) is invalid

10. Implementation of DPSPs -Laws and Schemes

DPSP Article	Law / Scheme Implemented
Article 39A -Free legal aid	Legal Services Authorities Act 1987; NALSA (National Legal Services Authority)
Article 40 -Village panchayats	73rd Constitutional Amendment 1992 (Panchayati Raj)
Article 41 -Right to work	MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) 2005
Article 42 -Maternity relief	Maternity Benefit Act 1961; amended 2017 (26 weeks paid leave)
Article 43 -Living wage for workers	Minimum Wages Act 1948
Article 44 -Uniform Civil Code	Not yet implemented; recommended by Law Commission; subject of political debate
Article 45 -Education for children	Right to Education Act (RTE) 2009 under Article 21A; ICDS scheme for below 6 years
Article 46 -Welfare of SCs, STs	SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989; reservation policies
Article 47 -Public health; prohibition	Prohibition in some states; FSSAI; National Health Mission
Article 48 -Animal husbandry	Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960; state-level cow protection laws
Article 48A -Environment protection	Environment Protection Act 1986; Wildlife Protection Act 1972; Forest Conservation Act 1980
Article 50 -Separation of judiciary	Criminal Procedure Code reforms; separation largely achieved at district level
Article 51 -International peace	India’s foreign policy; participation in UN peacekeeping; treaties

11. Relationship Between DPSPs and Fundamental Duties

• DPSPs (Part IV) direct the STATE what to do for the welfare of citizens
• Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A, Article 51A) direct CITIZENS what to do for the nation
• Both are non-justiciable -neither DPSPs nor Fundamental Duties can be enforced by courts
• Together they create a comprehensive framework of obligations -State’s obligations to citizens (DPSPs) and citizens’ obligations to the nation (FDs)
• Article 48A (DPSP) -protect environment; Article 51A(g) (FD) -protect environment; both address the same concern

12. Quick Revision Fact Table -DPSP

Fact	Detail
DPSP location in Constitution	Part IV -Articles 36 to 51
DPSP borrowed from	Ireland (Irish Constitution 1937)
DPSP similar to	Instrument of Instructions in GoI Act 1935
Are DPSPs justiciable?	No -cannot be enforced by courts
Are DPSPs fundamental?	Yes -fundamental in the governance of the country (Article 37)
Article 36 -Definition	‘State’ has same meaning as in Article 12 (for Part III)
Article 37	DPSPs are non-justiciable but ‘fundamental in the governance of the country’; it shall be duty of State to apply them
Number of DPSP articles	Articles 38 to 51 (14 articles; some with sub-clauses)
Granville Austin described DPSPs as	‘Positive obligations of the state’
Article 31C added by	25th Amendment 1971 -laws implementing Art 39(b)(c) cannot be challenged under Art 14/19
Article 31C extended by	42nd Amendment 1976 -extended to ALL DPSPs; struck down by Minerva Mills case 1980
Uniform Civil Code under	Article 44 -still not implemented in India
Free legal aid under	Article 39A -NALSA (National Legal Services Authority) implements this
Article 43A added by	42nd Amendment 1976 -worker participation in management
Article 43B added by	97th Amendment 2011 -promotion of co-operative societies
Article 48A added by	42nd Amendment 1976 -protect environment, forests, wildlife
Article 45 originally directed	Free and compulsory education for children up to 14 years; now amended -below 6 years (after 86th Amendment 2002)
DPSP that became Fundamental Right	Article 45 (education) led to Article 21A (86th Amendment 2002)
Irish Constitution influence	DPSPs borrowed from Article 45 of the Irish Constitution 1937

ALSO READ: SSC Polity Fundamental Rights PPT Slides (LEC #8)

13. Key Takeaways for SSC Exams

• DPSPs: Part IV, Articles 36–51; borrowed from Ireland (Irish Constitution 1937)
• Non-justiciable but ‘fundamental in governance’ -Article 37
• Three categories: Socialist (USSR influence), Gandhian (Gandhi’s programme), Liberal (Western tradition)
• Article 39(b)(c) -material resources + no concentration of wealth -most legally protected DPSPs (Article 31C)
• Article 39(d) -Equal pay for equal work (men and women)
• Article 39A -Free legal aid; NALSA implements this
• Article 40 -Village panchayats; implemented by 73rd Amendment 1992
• Article 41 -Right to work; implemented by MGNREGS 2005
• Article 44 -Uniform Civil Code; only DPSP not implemented at national level
• Article 45 -Now early childhood care for below 6 years (after 86th Amendment 2002)
• Article 48 -Animal husbandry; prohibition of cow slaughter
• Article 48A -Environment protection (added by 42nd Amendment 1976)
• Article 50 -Separation of judiciary from executive
• Kesavananda Bharati 1973 -balance between FRs and DPSPs is basic structure
• Minerva Mills 1980 -extended Art 31C (42nd Amendment) struck down; balance must be maintained
• Granville Austin called FRs and DPSPs the ‘conscience of the Constitution’.